Quantum Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology
type: channel
description: Quantum Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology (QJOEST) is a multi-disciplinary with double-blind peer-reviewed journal publishes across the entire field, to advance our knowledge of our nature world and its various intersections with society. The journal publishes research articles, review articles, short communications, case studies and reports in Engineering, Science and Technology includes engineering, computer sciences, architecture and design, agricultural sciences, biological sciences, chemistry, physics, earth sciences, environmental science, life sciences, mathematics and statistics, as well as sport sciences. Abstract and Indexing: Quantum Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology (QJOEST) are abstracted and indexing in Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE); Google Scholar; Malaysian Journal (MyJurnal); Malaysian Citation Index (MyCite); Neliti; and many more.
publisher: Quantum Academic Publisher
language: en
publication name: Quantum Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology
issn: 2716-6341
items: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AXIAL LENGTH AND AGE IN CONGENITAL CATARACT PATIENTS
items: THE OPTIMIZATION OF A TRIMARAN FIREFIGHTING VESSEL FOR THE GULF OF GUINEA
items: HYBRID QUANTUM ALGORITHMS FOR AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE NAVIGATION: DIRECTED PATH PLANNING WITH GROVER-QAOA
items: RETINAL PHOTONIC STIMULATION: A QUANTUM MECHANICAL EFFECT
items: DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF AN OPEN-SOURCE HARDWARE DIGITAL OXYGEN FLOW CONTROLLER FOR RESPIRATORY THERAPY
items: INTEGRATING HUMAN PERCEPTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL DATA FOR HEALING LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT IN CHANGCHUN CITY
items: IMPACT OF AUGMENTED REALITY AND ICT ON IMPROVEMENT OF TEACHING PRACTICES: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
items: FEASIBILITY OF SOY WASTE BIO-COAGULANT FOR POLLUTANT REMOVAL IN AQUACULTURE WASTEWATER TREATMENT
items: THE DIGITAL SENTINEL: REVIEW ON FO, RS AND AI FOR PROACTIVE FOOD-WATER NEXUS RISK
items: ADVANCED MULTIMODAL AI FRAMEWORK FOR ENHANCED DIABETIC RETINOPATHY DIAGNOSIS AND SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION
items: FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF TEMPORAL INCONSISTENCIES AND METADATA DISCREPANCIES IN CCTV FOOTAGE: A CASE STUDY
items: SILICONE-COATED ALUMINA HOLLOW FIBER MEMBRANES FOR SUSTAINABLE MICROPLASTIC SEPERATION IN WATER SYSTEM
items: FRUIT CROP DISEASE CLASSIFICATION USING QUANTUM MACHINE LEARNING: A PILOT STUDY
items: DEVELOPMENT OF ALUMINA HOLLOW FIBER MEMBRANE MODULES FOR EFFECTIVE OIL/WATER SEPARATION
items: SENSITIVITY OF SEABED MORPHOLOGY TO HYDRODYNAMIC AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PARAMETERS IN TIDAL SYSTEMS
items: BRIDGING THE SKILL GAP: AN INDUSTRY-ACADEMIA TRAINING FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS IN MALAYSIAN POLYTECHNICS
items: CFD STUDY ON WAVE TRANSMISSION OF SUBMERGED HEMISPHERICAL SHAPED ARTIFICIAL REEF (HASR) BREAKWATER
items: CHARCOAL PRODUCTION, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND RURAL-LIVELIHOOD: CRITICAL EVIDENCE FROM COMMUNITY PERCEPTION IN ADAMAWA STATE
items: INVESTIGATION ON LEACHATE TRANSPORT ON GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION USING VERTICAL ELECTRICAL SOUNDING (VES)
items: ENERGY CONSERVATION USING IOT
items: PROSPECT IDENTIFICATION USING SEISMIC ATTRIBUTES FOR AN OFFSHORE NIGER DELTA BASIN X FIELD
items: COWPEA HAY AS A PARTIAL SUBSTITUTE FOR CONCENTRATE: EFFECTS ON MILK YIELD AND COMPOSITION
items: ENHANCING MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA PERFORMANCE THROUGH GENETIC ALGORITHM AND ANFIS OPTIMIZATION
items: COPPER AND SULFUR CO-DOPED ZNO NANOPARTICLES FOR EFFICIENT SOLAR PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF METHYL ORANGE
items: FORECASTING INDUSTRIAL PH LEVELS: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SARIMA, REGRESSION TREES AND CONTROL CHART DIAGNOSTICS
items: ENHANCING CYBERSECURITY OF SMART CITY WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS USING BLOCKCHAIN AND PBFT CONSENSUS MECHANISM
items: ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY OF RURAL WASTEWATER-TREATMENT PLANTS VIA LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT WITH EMPHASIS ON CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS
items: ADVANCING QUANTUM DOT-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS: TRANSITION METAL-SULFIDE-BASED COUNTER ELECTRODES FOR HIGH-EFFICIENCY AND STABLE PHOTOVOLTAICS
items: MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF ANISOTROPIC FOLIATED ROCKS: IMPLICATIONS FOR TUNNEL STABILITY AND DESIGN
items: COMPARATIVE STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF GEOCELL REINFORCED PAVEMENT

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AXIAL LENGTH AND AGE IN CONGENITAL CATARACT PATIENTS
type: item
description: Congenital cataract remains one of the most important causes of preventable childhood visual impairment worldwide and may interfere with normal ocular growth during critical periods of visual development. Axial length represents a fundamental biometric parameter in ophthalmology and plays a crucial role in refractive status, ocular development, and clinical decision-making. Despite its importance, the relationship between axial length and age in patients with congenital cataract has not been adequately characterized. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between axial length and age in patients diagnosed with congenital cataract. An analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted using secondary data obtained from medical records of congenital cataract patients treated at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia, from January 2021 to December 2022. A total of 24 patients were included using a total sampling technique. Axial length measurements were obtained through routine ocular biometry and analyzed using the Spearman Rank correlation test. The results demonstrated a correlation coefficient of 0.000 with a p-value of 0.708, indicating no statistically significant correlation between axial length and age. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed between cataractous and non-cataractous eyes in unilateral congenital cataract cases, nor between right and left eyes in bilateral cases. In conclusion, axial length exhibited a very weak and non-significant correlation with age in patients with congenital cataract. These findings suggest that ocular biometric variation in this population may be influenced by multiple factors beyond chronological age, underscoring the complexity of ocular growth in congenital cataract patients.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: axial length
  topic: keywords
subject: age
  topic: keywords
subject: congenital cataract
  topic: keywords
subject: patients
  topic: keywords
creator: AYUB ZEN
creator: INDRI WAHYUNI
creator: RISA ETIKA
creator: ROZALINA LOEBIS
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 AYUB ZEN, INDRI WAHYUNI, RISA ETIKA, ROZALINA LOEBIS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 40
ending page: 51
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v7i1.282

THE OPTIMIZATION OF A TRIMARAN FIREFIGHTING VESSEL FOR THE GULF OF GUINEA
type: item
description: Offshore oil, gas, and emerging renewable energy operations are increasingly exposed to severe fire and explosion risks due to the handling of large volumes of flammable materials, complex processing systems, and remote operating environments. Effective offshore emergency response therefore depends critically on the availability of specialized firefighting vessels capable of rapid deployment, high operational stability, and sustained suppression performance. This review examines the optimization of Trimaran firefighting vessels with specific reference to operational demands within the Gulf of Guinea, a region characterized by intensive offshore activity, relatively benign sea states, and growing safety and environmental concerns. The paper synthesizes existing literature on offshore firefighting requirements, vessel speed and response time, hydrodynamic resistance, stability, seakeeping, and firefighting system integration, with emphasis on the inherent limitations of conventional Monohull designs. Particular attention is given to the trade-offs between speed, fuel efficiency, stability, and fire monitor effectiveness, which often constrain Monohull performance during high-intensity firefighting operations. The review highlights how multihull configurations, especially Trimarans, offer superior hydrodynamic efficiency, enhanced transverse stability, increased deck area, and improved operational safety through the decoupling of resistance and stability functions. In addition, the study discusses regulatory frameworks governing maritime fire safety, common offshore fire scenarios, and the performance characteristics of various firefighting agents and systems relevant to offshore applications. A comparative assessment of Monohull, catamaran, Ttrimaran, and alternative advanced hull forms demonstrates the Trimaran’s suitability for high-speed, cost-effective, and stable firefighting operations in the Gulf of Guinea. The review identifies a clear research gap in region-s…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Trimaran
  topic: keywords
subject: firefighting
  topic: keywords
subject: emergency response
  topic: keywords
subject: accidents
  topic: keywords
subject: rescue
  topic: keywords
creator: AZUBUIKE JOHN CHUKU
creator: ALLGAIN T DILOSI
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 AZUBUIKE JOHN CHUKU, ALLGAIN T DILOSI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 12
ending page: 39
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v7i1.279

HYBRID QUANTUM ALGORITHMS FOR AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE NAVIGATION: DIRECTED PATH PLANNING WITH GROVER-QAOA
type: item
description: Path planning in complex and obstacle-constrained environments remains a challenging combinatorial optimization problem due to the exponential growth of the solution space and the limitations of classical algorithms in dynamic decision-making scenarios. Traditional approaches such as Dijkstra or A* may experience high computational costs and susceptibility to local optima when dealing with large-scale directed graphs containing obstacles. This study proposes a hybrid quantum computing approach that integrates the Grover Search Algorithm and the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) to address optimal path planning on obstacle-oriented directed graphs. The Grover algorithm is first employed as an oracle-based filtering mechanism to detect and eliminate obstacle-containing edges, thereby generating a valid subgraph of feasible paths. Following this preprocessing step, QAOA is applied to the filtered graph within a nonlinear optimization framework to determine the minimum-cost path between source and destination nodes. The optimization model represents the graph as G=(V,E), where binary decision variables indicate whether an edge is included in the selected route while satisfying flow conservation constraints. By narrowing the solution space through Grover-based obstacle detection and performing optimization only on valid edges, the proposed method significantly reduces computational complexity compared to conventional approaches. Experimental analysis demonstrates that the hybrid quantum model effectively identifies optimal routes and adapts to different obstacle configurations while maintaining efficient convergence behavior. The results highlight the potential of integrating quantum search and quantum optimization techniques for solving combinatorial graph problems. This work contributes to the growing body of research on quantum-assisted optimization and demonstrates the feasibility of applying hybrid quantum algorithms to directed path planning problem…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: quantum computing
  topic: keywords
subject: automated navigation
  topic: keywords
subject: quantum optimization
  topic: keywords
subject: algorithms
  topic: keywords
creator: IDRIS KAGAN DEMIR
creator: SEDANUR GÜNGÖR
creator: MEHMET KARAKOSE
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 IDRIS KAGAN DEMIR, SEDANUR GÜNGÖR, MEHMET KARAKOSE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 11
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v7i1.278

RETINAL PHOTONIC STIMULATION: A QUANTUM MECHANICAL EFFECT
type: item
description: The radiation pressure of light acts on retinal photoreceptors with a frankly quantum-mechanical effect. It follows that, in agreement with Feynman, to fully understand the marvelous Mechanism of Seeing in all its essence, it is necessary to consider that not only Biochemistry, but also solid-state Physics plays a major role in this phenomenon. Analyzing a rod cell under an electronic microscope, layer after layer of plane structures containing rhodopsin molecules are all aligned with each other. It may be that all of the molecules are arranged in some kind of a row so that when one is excited an electron which is generated may run all the way down to some place at the end to get the signal out, or something like it, will ultimately be used. That is, just like a domino effect! This powerful quantum-mechanical action, with which photons act on the retinal pigment molecules, can be better justified and understood if we take into account, as emerges from our calculations, that the momentum of a photon in the optical band carries a mass-energy density equal to 1.325∙10-22 grams per centimeter per second, that is, over 100,000 times greater than the rest mass of an electron.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: photon
  topic: keywords
subject: retina
  topic: keywords
subject: electromagnetc radiation
  topic: keywords
subject: clorophillose photosynthesis
  topic: keywords
subject: energy
  topic: keywords
subject: Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
  topic: keywords
creator: ANTONIO PUCCINI
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 ANTONIO PUCCINI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 52
ending page: 62
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v7i1.277

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF AN OPEN-SOURCE HARDWARE DIGITAL OXYGEN FLOW CONTROLLER FOR RESPIRATORY THERAPY
type: item
description: Conventional oxygen flow controllers rely on manual knob adjustment and separate devices for neonatal and adult patients, increasing equipment costs, complicating clinical workflows, and adding maintenance burdens. To address these challenges, we developed a unified, low-cost, open-source digital oxygen flow controller capable of regulating oxygen delivery from 0.1 to 15 LPM. The system is constructed using readily available components, including a stepper motor, a flow sensor, and a microcontroller, and employs a Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) feedback control algorithm to achieve precise real-time flow regulation. The open-source hardware and firmware architecture enhances transparency and reproducibility while providing a flexible platform for future research involving closed-loop feedback systems, in which oxygen flow rates can be automatically adjusted in response to patient-specific physiological signals. Experimental validation demonstrated robust performance across the full therapeutic range. For flow rates between 1 and 15 LPM, delivered flows closely matched setpoints with low variability, and Bland–Altman analysis indicated a consistent bias of 0.02 LPM with narrow limits of agreement. In the neonatal range (0.1–1.0 LPM), measurement deviations were generally below 8%. These findings confirm that a simple, open-source, component-based digital design can deliver accurate and predictable oxygen flow control for both neonatal and adult respiratory therapy, offering a cost-effective and extensible foundation for advanced feedback-controlled oxygen delivery and future integration with patient monitoring and adaptive respiratory support systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: open source hardware
  topic: keywords
subject: flow controller
  topic: keywords
subject: respiratory therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: oxygen therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: medical device
  topic: keywords
creator: ANAS MOHD NOOR
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 ANAS MOHD NOOR https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 92
ending page: 107
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v7i1.276

INTEGRATING HUMAN PERCEPTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL DATA FOR HEALING LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT IN CHANGCHUN CITY
type: item
description: This research study seeks to examine how human perception and environmental data may be incorporated to evaluate and improve healing landscapes within Changchun City, China. The systematic literature review with the case study analysis of the Therapeutic Garden Network (Singapore), Changchun People’s Park, and Nanhu Urban Greenbelt consists of combining manual thematic analysis of important environmental indicators, including thermal comfort, vegetation diversity, and soundscape quality, with perceptual areas of analysis, such as restorativeness and sensory engagement. Results indicate that local parks have cultural and spatial significance. However, they are not designed in a systematic way to sense and monitor their performance. The research study, in turn, suggests a model of surveillance to increase sensor-based data and user feedback. It has been suggested that retrofitting parks with sensory environments, enhancing accessibility and establishing interdisciplinary partnerships can help in transforming non-responsive and monomodal green spaces into responsive, inclusive and therapeutic urban environments.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: human perception
  topic: keywords
subject: healing landscapes
  topic: keywords
subject: thermal comfort
  topic: keywords
subject: vegetation diversity
  topic: keywords
subject: soundscape quality
  topic: keywords
subject: restorativeness
  topic: keywords
creator: DAN WAN
creator: NORHAFIZAH ABDUL RAHMAN
creator: HELMI HAMZAH
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 DAN WAN, NORHAFIZAH ABDUL RAHMAN, HELMI HAMZAH https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 63
ending page: 80
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v7i1.275

IMPACT OF AUGMENTED REALITY AND ICT ON IMPROVEMENT OF TEACHING PRACTICES: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
type: item
description: In a rapidly evolving educational landscape shaped by digital transformation, leveraging augmented reality (AR) within the framework of modern ICT offers a promising avenue for revitalizing traditional pedagogical approaches. This study investigates the impact of AR-enhanced instructional modules on teaching practices and student learning outcomes in a real-world educational setting. Through a quasi-experimental design, two groups of students follow the same curriculum: one receives conventional lessons, while the other experiences AR-augmented content delivered via ICT tools (tablets or smartphones). Quantitative measures of academic performance are complemented by qualitative data capturing student motivation, engagement, and perception of learning. Results reveal that integrating augmented reality with ICT significantly improves both comprehension and retention of complex concepts, while also fostering heightened student enthusiasm and active participation. Teachers involved report greater flexibility in lesson delivery and enhanced interaction dynamics. These findings suggest that AR-based interventions when thoughtfully designed and supported by adequate ICT infrastructure can meaningfully transform teaching practices, making learning more immersive, interactive, and effective. The study concludes with practical recommendations for educators and policymakers aiming to adopt AR-driven pedagogies at scale.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: augmented reality
  topic: keywords
subject: ICT
  topic: keywords
subject: educational technology
  topic: keywords
subject: digital learning
  topic: keywords
subject: student engagement
  topic: keywords
subject: teaching & learning outcomes
  topic: keywords
creator: FRIDHI ADEL
creator: LARIBI RYM
creator: KOUKI RAHIM
creator: BOUAJILA AHMED
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FRIDHI ADEL, LARIBI RYM, KOUKI RAHIM, BOUAJILA AHMED https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 72
ending page: 81
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v6i4.272

FEASIBILITY OF SOY WASTE BIO-COAGULANT FOR POLLUTANT REMOVAL IN AQUACULTURE WASTEWATER TREATMENT
type: item
description: Aquaculture wastewater typically contains high levels of turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS), which may adversely affect receiving water bodies if discharged without adequate treatment. This study evaluated the feasibility of using soy waste as a bio-coagulant for turbidity and TSS removal from aquaculture wastewater through a coagulation–flocculation process. Aquaculture wastewater was collected from a local fishery facility, while soy waste was obtained from a soy-based food processing company. Jar test experiments were conducted under fixed mixing and settling conditions using different bio-coagulant dosages, and the removal efficiencies of turbidity and TSS were evaluated. The results showed that the best soy waste-based bio-coagulant dosage was 0.1 mg/L, achieving turbidity and TSS removals of approximately 9.1% and 5.6%, respectively. Increasing the bio-coagulant dosage beyond this level did not improve removal performance and led to higher turbidity and TSS due to the presence of fine, whitish soy waste particles remaining in suspension. Overall, raw soy waste exhibited limited effectiveness as a standalone bio-coagulant for aquaculture wastewater treatment; however, the findings provide useful insight into its behaviour and highlight the potential for further improvement through pre-treatment or modification.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: bio-coagulant
  topic: keywords
subject: aquaculture wastewater
  topic: keywords
subject: soy waste
  topic: keywords
subject: wastewater treatment
  topic: keywords
creator: AZMI AHMAD
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 AZMI AHMAD https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 81
ending page: 91
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v7i1.271

THE DIGITAL SENTINEL: REVIEW ON FO, RS AND AI FOR PROACTIVE FOOD-WATER NEXUS RISK
type: item
description: The necessity for sustainable food systems dictates a critical move towards proactive, evidence-based Food Safety and Risk Assessment, particularly in the face of escalating environmental threats. The global proliferation of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) poses a major, dynamic risk to water security, which rapidly translates into food contamination. Traditional, reactive testing methods are inadequate for managing this emerging hazard. This Perspective article proposes a unified "Digital Sentinel" framework that transforms environmental surveillance into predictive supply chain alerts. The Sentinel operates by fusing two complementary data streams. First, macro-scale environmental monitoring, accomplished through Remote Sensing platforms, provides continuous geospatial tracking and predictive modeling of bloom intensity. Second, this information is validated by micro-scale molecular insights, utilizing Algal Omics technologies (Genomics, Transcriptomics) for high-throughput identification of toxic species and quantification of toxin-producing genes. Hence, the integration of this heterogeneous data is achieved using advanced Big Data analytics and Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). This intelligent layer generates a verifiable, proactive risk score that informs evidence-based regulatory decisions. Thus, the Digital Sentinel strengthens Food Safety, certifies product origin for Food Authenticity, and fully embodies the principles of Foodomics, Digitalization, and the indispensable One Health Model. Hence, the approach is promising and aligns with the direction of digital transformation in food safety and environmental health.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence (AI)
  topic: keywords
subject: digitalization
  topic: keywords
subject: food authenticity
  topic: keywords
subject: foodomics
  topic: keywords
subject: food safety
  topic: keywords
subject: harmful algal blooms
  topic: keywords
creator: MOSTAFA ESSAM EISSA
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 MOSTAFA ESSAM EISSA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 64
ending page: 71
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v6i4.269

ADVANCED MULTIMODAL AI FRAMEWORK FOR ENHANCED DIABETIC RETINOPATHY DIAGNOSIS AND SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION
type: item
description: Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) continues to be a primary cause of visual impairment and blindness among individuals with diabetes globally, affecting millions and underscoring the urgent need for robust, scalable screening mechanisms. This extended study presents an advanced multimodal deep learning framework that synergistically combines fundus photography and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) imaging modalities to achieve superior detection and severity grading of DR. By employing a hybrid architecture that integrates Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for spatial feature extraction and Transformers for capturing long-range dependencies in sequential data, the proposed model leverages attention mechanisms to fuse multimodal inputs effectively. Evaluated on benchmark datasets such as EyePACS, IDRiD, and Duke OCT, the framework demonstrates exceptional performance metrics: 98% accuracy, 96% sensitivity, 97% specificity, and an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.99 for binary classification tasks, surpassing existing state-of-the-art approaches. To enhance interpretability, the model incorporates Explainable AI (XAI) techniques, including Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM), for precise lesion localization. Class imbalance issues are mitigated through sophisticated data augmentation strategies, including Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) and generative adversarial networks (GANs)-based synthesis. This work provides detailed mathematical derivations for custom loss functions, evaluation metrics, and optimization algorithms, accompanied by comprehensive visualizations such as confusion matrices, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves, precision-recall curves, and training convergence plots. From a Computer Science Engineering (CSE) perspective, the framework emphasizes computational efficiency, enabling real-time inference on edge devices and potential deployment in resource-constrained environments, thereby reducing healthcare cos…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: diabetic retinopathy
  topic: keywords
subject: deep learning
  topic: keywords
subject: multimodal fusion
  topic: keywords
subject: convolutional neural networks
  topic: keywords
subject: transformers
  topic: keywords
subject: attention mechanisms
  topic: keywords
creator: VIRENDRA KUMAR TIWARI
creator: JITENDRA AGRAWAL
creator: SANJAY BAJPAI
creator: KAVITA KANATHEY
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 VIRENDRA KUMAR TIWARI, JITENDRA AGRAWAL, SANJAY BAJPAI, KAVITA KANATHEY https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 53
ending page: 63
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v6i4.268

FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF TEMPORAL INCONSISTENCIES AND METADATA DISCREPANCIES IN CCTV FOOTAGE: A CASE STUDY
type: item
description: The forensic reliability of closed-circuit television (CCTV) footage is central to contemporary criminal investigations; yet temporal irregularities in recorded video often generate disputes regarding authenticity and alleged tampering. This case study critically examines temporal inconsistencies and metadata discrepancies observed in CCTV footage submitted for forensic evaluation, where the primary investigative question concerned potential digital manipulation. Two video clips captured from different camera angles (Cam3 and Cam5) were analysed using Dahua Smart Player Version 4.0.0 through a systematic methodology combining real-time playback, frame-by-frame examination, stopwatch-based time verification, cross-angle synchronization assessment, and metadata analysis. The findings reveal measurable discrepancies between on-screen time progression, real-time measurement, and metadata-reported durations, alongside fluctuating synchronization between camera feeds. However, no visual discontinuities, frame deletions, insertions, or compression artefacts indicative of deliberate tampering were detected. Instead, the anomalies are attributable to technical factors inherent to CCTV systems, including variable bit rate compression, frame rate fluctuations, system clock desynchronization, and recording load constraints. Critically, this study demonstrates that temporal drift and metadata-playback mismatches can arise even in authentic and continuous footage, challenging simplistic assumptions that equate timing irregularities with manipulation. The findings underscore the necessity for forensic practitioners to adopt a holistic, technically informed interpretive framework that integrates system architecture, encoding behaviour, and metadata structure before reaching conclusions on video authenticity. By distinguishing system-induced artefacts from intentional interference, this study contributes to improving the evidentiary assessment of CCTV footage and mitigating the risk…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: video forensics
  topic: keywords
subject: time stamp inconsistency
  topic: keywords
subject: metadata analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: video authenticity verification
  topic: keywords
creator: PRAKHAR PRASOON
creator: MAHESWARI
creator: MUHAMMED ARSHAD
creator: ASHISH KUMAR YADAV
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 PRAKHAR PRASOON, MAHESWARI, MUHAMMED ARSHAD, ASHISH KUMAR YADAV https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 45
ending page: 52
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v6i4.267

SILICONE-COATED ALUMINA HOLLOW FIBER MEMBRANES FOR SUSTAINABLE MICROPLASTIC SEPERATION IN WATER SYSTEM
type: item
description: Microplastic (MP) pollution represents a new wave of some of the most devastating environmental stressors, with such an impact on aquatic environment degradation, food chain contamination, and human health. Conventional filtration techniques are ineffective toward smaller MPs; hence there is a dire need for advanced methods of filtration. The present study fabricates and evaluates silicone-coated alumina hollow fiber membranes (AHFMs) by curing temperature variation, membrane configuration variation, and flow rate conditions variation. Contact angle analyses found that the curing at 60°C optimized rapid water interaction and at 70°C gave stable hydrophilicity which can be used for long-term applications. Multi-membrane configurations greatly improve water throughput validating surface area expansion that does not compromise MP separation. Flow rate variations influenced how much volume was collected but did not influence separation efficiency since all tested modules demonstrated complete removal of MPs. This puts a seal on the noticeable increase in durability and antifouling performance of AHFMs with silicone coatings, hence their ability to work perfectly well under diverse hydraulic conditions. The results prove that productivity is actually a function of operative conditions while selectivity lies within the material property as engineered. That places silicone-coated AHFMs as an accessible technology toward community-based purification systems up to industrial wastewater treatment plants. Apart from bringing membrane science one step closer, this study also plays its share in the Sustainable Development Goal 6 by offering an upbeat, resilient, and sustainable technology for mitigating global water contamination by microplastics.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: microplastics
  topic: keywords
subject: hollow fiber membranes
  topic: keywords
subject: silicone coating
  topic: keywords
subject: hydrophilicity
  topic: keywords
subject: water treatment
  topic: keywords
creator: NORFAZLIANA ABDULLAH
creator: MUHAMMAD AMMAR FARHAN HASBOLLAH
creator: ANG KEAN HUA
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 NORFAZLIANA ABDULLAH, MUHAMMAD AMMAR FARHAN HASBOLLAH, ANG KEAN HUA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-29
publication date: 2025-09-29
starting page: 130
ending page: 143
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v6i3.259

FRUIT CROP DISEASE CLASSIFICATION USING QUANTUM MACHINE LEARNING: A PILOT STUDY
type: item
description: Crop losses are often caused by factors like plant diseases, nematode attacks, and nutrient deficiencies. The problem is that many of these stresses look alike on the leaves, which makes early detection difficult in the field. In this pilot study, we built and tested part of an AI system that uses leaf photos together with simple soil information to spot crop stress early. Our approach combines MobileNetV2 with a quantum-inspired feature layer, creating a hybrid deep learning model. Trained on about 92379 labeled leaf images, the model was able to tell apart healthy leaves and nematode-infested leaves with strong accuracy. In addition to classification, the system also estimates chlorophyll and key nutrient levels (N, P, K) directly from RGB leaf images, while soil pH values are added manually as an extra input. Looking ahead, we plan to extend this framework with hyperspectral imaging and richer soil data to give more complete insights. The ultimate goal is to create an affordable and scalable decision-support tool that guides farmers with simple “step–check–action” advice to protect yields.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: crop stress detection
  topic: keywords
subject: nematodes
  topic: keywords
subject: deep learning
  topic: keywords
subject: MobileNetV2
  topic: keywords
subject: quantum-inspired AI
  topic: keywords
subject: chlorophyll and nutrient estimation
  topic: keywords
creator: ABHISHEK CHANDRAKANT NIKAM
creator: RAHUL BORATE
creator: MASIRA KULKARNI
creator: AAYUSH PATIL
creator: SADAF SHAIKH
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 ABHISHEK CHANDRAKANT NIKAM, RAHUL BORATE, MASIRA KULKARNI, AAYUSH PATIL, SADAF SHAIKH https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 35
ending page: 44
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v6i4.257

DEVELOPMENT OF ALUMINA HOLLOW FIBER MEMBRANE MODULES FOR EFFECTIVE OIL/WATER SEPARATION
type: item
description: This study critically engages with the context of increasing industrial and urban wastewater challenges where an effective oil-water separation process is considered. In most cases, the traditional gravity separator and centrifuge fail to isolate stable small droplets of oil from water in emulsified form. Alumina hollow fiber membrane modules that this study has undertaken fabrication efforts toward are proposed as one more step further to solve this problem. The hydrophobicity enhanced system shows all promises towards effectively carrying out the separation of oil from water in emulsions. Different membrane configurations tried possible relationships that this work presents between changing the number of membranes and efficiency in separation. Increasing surface area, i.e., an increasing number of fibers, allows more oil recovery but at a cost since fouling will tremendously take place. Even though the membrane could achieve very high separation efficiency, challenges related to operation, especially fouling at high concentrations of oil and the effects due to different flow rates have to be solved when applied on an industrial scale. This brings out the study's view that getting sustainable, cheap, and efficient ways of carrying out the oil-water separation process necessitates the optimization of membrane configurations and operating conditions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: alumina membranes
  topic: keywords
subject: oil-water separation
  topic: keywords
subject: hollow fiber modules
  topic: keywords
subject: membrane technology
  topic: keywords
subject: wastewater treatment
  topic: keywords
creator: NORFAZLIANA ABDULLAH
creator: HASHVININISHA PARAMASIVAM
creator: ANG KEAN HUA
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 NORFAZLIANA ABDULLAH, HASHVININISHA PARAMASIVAM, ANG KEAN HUA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-29
publication date: 2025-09-29
starting page: 88
ending page: 101
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v6i3.255

SENSITIVITY OF SEABED MORPHOLOGY TO HYDRODYNAMIC AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PARAMETERS IN TIDAL SYSTEMS
type: item
description: Sediment transport and seabed evolution are key processes influencing the morphology and stability of coastal and estuarine systems. This study uses a one-dimensional (1D) coupled hydrodynamic–sediment transport model to simulate shallow water flow and sediment dynamics in the Kuala Terengganu region. The model integrates the Saint-Venant shallow water equations with the Exner equation for bed evolution and the advection–diffusion equation for suspended sediment concentration. Numerical implementation using the finite volume method ensures mass conservation and numerical stability, allowing accurate representation of flow–sediment feedback. The objectives are: (1) to simulate the temporal evolution of seabed morphology and quantify long-term bed elevation changes; (2) to evaluate the effects of hydrodynamic parameters, particularly tidal range and bed friction coefficient, on sediment entrainment, deposition, and erosion; and (3) to assess the influence of sediment transport parameters, especially the Grass coefficient, on seabed stability and erosion–deposition dynamics. Results show a non-linear decline in bed elevation with a 38% reduction over three years, indicating rapid early sediment mobility followed by stabilization. Increasing tidal range enhances sediment removal, while friction and Grass coefficients govern the transition between erosion and deposition. The findings provide insights for predicting coastal morphological change and improving sediment management.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: sediment transport
  topic: keywords
subject: seabed evolution
  topic: keywords
subject: hydrodynamic modeling
  topic: keywords
subject: coastal morphology
  topic: keywords
creator: MOHD AZLAN MUSA
creator: MOHAMMAD FADHLI AHMAD
creator: SUNNY GOH ENG GIAP
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 MOHD AZLAN MUSA, MOHAMMAD FADHLI AHMAD, SUNNY GOH ENG GIAP https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-29
publication date: 2025-09-29
starting page: 117
ending page: 129
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v6i3.254

BRIDGING THE SKILL GAP: AN INDUSTRY-ACADEMIA TRAINING FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS IN MALAYSIAN POLYTECHNICS
type: item
description: Malaysian Polytechnics, as pivotal Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions, are mandated to produce job-ready graduates for the construction industry. However, a significant misalignment persists between the project management (PM) competencies taught in the Diploma of Civil Engineering and the practical skills demanded by industry. This study investigates this gap by identifying critical PM competencies from an industry perspective, analyzing the current polytechnic curriculum, and developing a strategic framework for alignment. A sequential explanatory mixed-methods design was employed, comprising an industry survey (n=127), a qualitative content analysis of PM syllabi from 15 polytechnics, and a gap analysis. Industry results prioritized practical, site-based competencies: Site Supervision & Safety Management (M=4.85), Quality Control & Assurance (M=4.80), and Scheduling Software Proficiency (M=4.72). In contrast, curriculum analysis revealed a predominant theoretical focus, with insufficient coverage of digital tools (e.g., BIM in 7% of syllabi) and localized standards. The gap analysis was statistically significant (p<0.001) for the top industry-ranked competencies. The study confirms a substantial theory-practice divide and proposes the Polytechnic Industry-Integrated Project Management (PII-PM) Framework, a five-pillar model emphasizing contextualized content, digital skills integration, active learning pedagogy, structured industry collaboration, and a continuous feedback mechanism. This framework provides an actionable roadmap for polytechnics to enhance graduate employability and contribute directly to Malaysia's infrastructure goals.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: TVET
  topic: keywords
subject: Malaysian polytechnic education
  topic: keywords
subject: Civil Engineering
  topic: keywords
subject: project management
  topic: keywords
subject: industry-acsdemia gap
  topic: keywords
subject: curriculum alignment
  topic: keywords
creator: SALIZAWATI KAMARUZZAMAN
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 SALIZAWATI KAMARUZZAMAN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v6i4.253

CFD STUDY ON WAVE TRANSMISSION OF SUBMERGED HEMISPHERICAL SHAPED ARTIFICIAL REEF (HASR) BREAKWATER
type: item
description: Coastal erosion is the recession of shorelines and loss of land caused by waves, currents, and wind. Hemispherical Shaped Artificial Reefs (HSAR) can act as submerged breakwaters to mitigate erosion, offering structural protection while enhancing aquatic habitats and biodiversity. Designed to provide shelter for marine life, HSARs combine engineering with ecological benefits. Previous experimental studies on wave transmission over submerged breakwaters were conducted at the Hydraulic and River Engineering Laboratory of Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology. This study demonstrates wave transmission across HSAR breakwaters using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method with the Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations in the FLOW-3D numerical suite. The reefs were modeled using RHINOCEROS 5.0 software. The main objective is to determine wave transmission through numerical simulation. First, the model was validated against experimental results for submerged breakwaters. Further simulations assessed transmission with varying HSAR structural heights and designs. The findings showed close agreement between simulations and experiments, with percentage errors ranging from 4.1% to 16.7%. Results emphasize the significance of structural height in reducing the wave transmission coefficient, K_t. HSARs outperformed thalame breakwaters in transmission reduction, proving beneficial for coastal protection, environmental sustainability, and aquatic life.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: HSAR breakwater
  topic: keywords
subject: wave transmission coefficient
  topic: keywords
subject: erosion
  topic: keywords
subject: coastal
  topic: keywords
creator: MOHAMMAD FADHLI AHMAD
creator: MOHD AZLAN MUSA
creator: MUHAMMAD FARIS ROSLAN
creator: MUHAMMAD YUSUF RUSLI
creator: SUNNY GOH ENG GIAP
creator: HANHAN MAULANA
creator: LAMECK FIWA
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 MOHAMMAD FADHLI AHMAD, MOHD AZLAN MUSA, MUHAMMAD FARIS ROSLAN, MUHAMMAD YUSUF RUSLI, SUNNY GOH ENG GIAP, HANHAN MAULANA, LAMECK FIWA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-29
publication date: 2025-09-29
starting page: 102
ending page: 116
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v6i3.252

CHARCOAL PRODUCTION, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND RURAL-LIVELIHOOD: CRITICAL EVIDENCE FROM COMMUNITY PERCEPTION IN ADAMAWA STATE
type: item
description: Environmental protection in Nigeria and indeed most developing nations has never been a top priority due to the fact that economic losses arisen from environmental degredation especially as a result of charcoal production often occur long after the economic benefits have been realized. Nigeria is among the largest producers and consumers of charcoal worldwide. This has resulted in continued unsustainable harvest of the few remaining trees for charcoal production in Adamawa State, that has led to devastating environmental impacts on the livelihood of the rural poor where most of the inhabitants of these communities relied on this natural resource. Multi stage and purposive sampling techniques were employed in interviewing 172 respondents for this study. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results on socio-economic characteristics revealed that majority (62.8%) of the respondents involved in exploiting the trees for charcoal production were males with a mean age of 33 years. Most respondents were married (63.4%) and having a mean household size of 7 individuals and mean annual household income was ₦216,570. Tree species such as Prosopis africana, Anogeisus leiocarpus and Ziziphus mauritiana were frequently exploited having a mean value of 4.7 and 4.6 respectively. The chi-square analysis revealed a significant relationship (P<0.05) between the perceived impacts of charcoal production and gender, age, educational level while marital status, household size, occupation and income of the respondents are not significant (P>0.05) in the study area. Charcoal production has become a lucrative business and major source of income to support rural livelihood.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: charcoal production
  topic: keywords
subject: environmental degradation
  topic: keywords
subject: rural-livelihoods
  topic: keywords
subject: community perception
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable energy policy
  topic: keywords
creator: ABDULMOROOF ADEDOTUN
creator: MORUFF SAKA
creator: LUCKY NNYAM
creator: ALEXANDER LINDO DOMINIC
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 ABDULMOROOF ADEDOTUN, MORUFF SAKA, LUCKY NNYAM, ALEXANDER LINDO DOMINIC https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 21
ending page: 34
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v6i4.251

INVESTIGATION ON LEACHATE TRANSPORT ON GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION USING VERTICAL ELECTRICAL SOUNDING (VES)
type: item
description: The rapid increase in population has heightened concerns regarding waste disposal, with open dumpsites serving as the primary method of waste management in many areas. This study investigates the geo-electric characteristics and groundwater quality of boreholes situated near an open dumpsite in Ogale Community, Eleme Local Government, Rivers State, Nigeria. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) using the Schlumberger configuration was employed to examine the effects of leachate on groundwater contamination, subsurface aquifer protective capacity, and lithological corrosivity. Borehole water samples collected from varying depths (50m, 100m, 150m) and a control location (2000m) revealed that pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) exceeded the permissible limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ). Results indicated high chloride concentrations and microbial contamination, particularly in boreholes closest to the dumpsite. The regression model (R² values of 0.9743, 0.9962, and 0.9981) demonstrated significant metal corrosivity at varying depths. The Water Quality Index (WQI) values (67.7, 67.6, and 68.1) classified the groundwater as poor and unsuitable for drinking. VES analysis confirmed weak to moderate aquifer protective capacity, correlating with increased acidity and microbial presence. Consequently, metal pipes prone to corrosion are unsuitable for water conveyance, and plastic pipes are recommended. The study underscores the necessity for improved waste management practices, including landfill engineering, solid waste recycling, and enhanced environmental sanitation to mitigate groundwater contamination risks.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: investigation
  topic: keywords
subject: leachate
  topic: keywords
subject: transport
  topic: keywords
subject: groundwater
  topic: keywords
subject: contamination
  topic: keywords
subject: vertical
  topic: keywords
creator: CYPRIAN NDAMZI TOM
creator: JOSEPH EDET
creator: EUNICE NNETE GAM
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 CYPRIAN NDAMZI TOM, JOSEPH EDET, EUNICE NNETE GAM https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-27
publication date: 2025-06-27
starting page: 134
ending page: 151
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v6i2.242

ENERGY CONSERVATION USING IOT
type: item
description: Electricity conversion monitoring machine is an electronic device that video display units load voltage and cutting-edge or packs with numerous parameters. But, on the market could be very steeply-priced and now not appropriate for low-price embedded structures. Because the Arduino Uno is widely used for low-price microcontroller boards, smooth programming environment, and open-supply systems for building digital tasks, consequently, this take a look at makes a speciality of Arduino Uno primarily based power conversion monitoring machine with clever automation. This system consists of modern and voltage sensors to reveal and use the PIR sensor to gain the automation, an Arduino Uno microcontroller with wifi module and a liquid crystal show (liquid crystal display) to view the monitored analyzing.To expand this gadget, there are 3 targets to be completed.the connection between enter and output of the sensors must be derived mathematically. The mathematical expression acquired may be demonstrated by means of connecting and disconnecting the circuit with load and tracking the value of output sensors. Then, a whole prototype of the energy conversion monitoring system changed into evolved via connecting the lcd, current and voltage sensors to the Arduino Uno microcontroller and reference to PIR sensor to automate the unit with relay. Think view application is used to tracking the power consumption of the burden this app is open source and by means of soliciting for the personal channel the statistics can included and best seen to legal personal most effective.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: smart energy conservation
  topic: keywords
subject: IoT-based energy monitoring
  topic: keywords
subject: automated energy management
  topic: keywords
subject: Arduino-Based smart systems
  topic: keywords
creator: RADHIKA
creator: IMMANUVEL
creator: DEVARAJ SOMASUNDAR
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 RADHIKA, IMMANUVEL, DEVARAJ SOMASUNDAR https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-27
publication date: 2025-06-27
starting page: 84
ending page: 99
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v6i2.241

PROSPECT IDENTIFICATION USING SEISMIC ATTRIBUTES FOR AN OFFSHORE NIGER DELTA BASIN X FIELD
type: item
description: The offshore Niger Delta Basin "X" field presents significant opportunities for hydrocarbon prospecting; however, effective reservoir characterization remains challenging. This study addresses this challenge by employing a robust combination of seismic attributes, including amplitude, Root Mean Square (RMS) amplitude, variance edge, phase, frequency, and reflector continuity. Utilizing advanced seismic data processing and visualization techniques, the research aims to accurately map structural features, faults, horizons, and potential hydrocarbon traps within the "X" field. The integrated seismic attribute approach enables precise identification of prospective zones by enhancing fault delineation and improving reservoir characterization. The application of the structural smooth attribute significantly increases seismic resolution, allowing for the clear visualization of fault lines and reservoir boundaries, while the variance edge attribute proves instrumental in delineating fault trends and identifying potential trapping mechanisms. Additionally, the construction of 3D fault models using amplitude attributes enhances the interpretation of subsurface features, offering critical insights for targeted well placement. The results reveal two principal faults that align with the reservoir zones, indicating promising areas for detailed hydrocarbon exploration. The findings demonstrate that deploying a multi-attribute seismic analysis provides a cost-effective and reliable method for improving exploration accuracy, optimizing resource allocation, and supporting decision-making in offshore hydrocarbon development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: seismic attributes
  topic: keywords
subject: reservoir characterization
  topic: keywords
subject: fault mapping
  topic: keywords
subject: hydrocarbon prospecting
  topic: keywords
subject: offshore exploration
  topic: keywords
creator: OKECHUKWU FRANK ADIZUA
creator: NNABUIKE GODSPOWER UGWU
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 OKECHUKWU FRANK ADIZUA, NNABUIKE GODSPOWER UGWU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-27
publication date: 2025-06-27
starting page: 70
ending page: 83
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v6i2.240

COWPEA HAY AS A PARTIAL SUBSTITUTE FOR CONCENTRATE: EFFECTS ON MILK YIELD AND COMPOSITION
type: item
description: The study was carried out in Yabello Pastoral and Dry Land Agricultural Research Center to investigate the effect of replacement of cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata) for concentrate mix on milk yield and composition in lactating Borana cows fed Rhodes grass hay as a basal diet. Four lactating Borana cows of similar milk yield, body weight and stage of lactation were arranged in 4 x 4 Latin square design. The treatments included offering Rhodes grass hay a basal diet ad libitum with different proportions of concentrate mix and cowpea hay. T1= 100% concentrate mix and 0% cowpea hay (control), T2= 65 % concentrate mix and 20% cowpea hay, T3= 65% concentrate mix and 35% cowpea hay and T4= 50% concentrate mix and 50% cowpea hay. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in dry matter and nutrient intakes among treatment groups, while milk yield was significantly different (P<0.05) among treatments. The overall mean of daily milk yield was 4.05 kg/day. Cows that were receiving 100% concentrate mix (T1) produced the highest milk yield (4.18 kg/day) followed by cows receiving the diet in which 50% of the concentrate mix was replaced by cowpea hay (T4).Except milk yield, cowpea hay can substitute up to 50% of the concentrate mix without adversely affecting feed intake, nutrient intake and milk composition of lactating Borana cows fed Rhodes grass hay as basal diet. Therefore, to improve their milk production, smallholder farmers can use cowpea hay 50% to replace the concentrate mix in feeding their cows on poor pasture, especially during dry seasons.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: cowpea
  topic: keywords
subject: hay
  topic: keywords
subject: milk yield
  topic: keywords
subject: lactating cows
  topic: keywords
subject: Rhodes grass
  topic: keywords
creator: BESHIR HUSSIEN
creator: BIRHANU BEKELE
creator: ADEM KUMBE
creator: ANAF ONETA
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 BESHIR HUSSIEN, BIRHANU BEKELE, ADEM KUMBE, ANAF ONETA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-29
publication date: 2025-09-29
starting page: 79
ending page: 87
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v6i3.238

ENHANCING MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA PERFORMANCE THROUGH GENETIC ALGORITHM AND ANFIS OPTIMIZATION
type: item
description: Microstrip patch antennas play an important role in modern wireless communication systems due to their small size, compactness, lightweight, and easy integration into electronic circuits. These types of antennas are widely used in various applications, such as mobile phones, Wi-Fi routers, satellite communications internal systems and radar systems. This paper provides a detailed research study on the improvement and optimization of the measurement of the Aperture Coupled Microstrip Patch Antenna (ACMPA) utilizing a Genetic Algorithm (GA) as well as an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). The goal is to enhance the total efficiency of the antenna by achieving far better return loss and high directivity coupled with a reduced Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR). The recommended method includes the usage of GA within the CST software application together with ANFIS within the MATLAB software application to enhance the ACMPA measurements for the procedure at 7.5 GHz. The outcomes show the performance of the recommended antenna measurements in contrast with substitute information in the CST program, verifying the precision as well as the effectiveness of the optimization procedure. This research study offers beneficial insights into the application of innovative optimization methods for the style coupled with the improvement of microstrip patch antennas in contemporary cordless interaction systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: microstrip patch antenna
  topic: keywords
subject: optimization
  topic: keywords
subject: GA
  topic: keywords
subject: ANFIS
  topic: keywords
subject: performance
  topic: keywords
subject: return loss
  topic: keywords
creator: RANA RAAD SHAKER
creator: NOOR RAAD SAADALLAH
creator: SALAH ABDULGHANI ALABADY
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 RANA RAAD SHAKER, NOOR RAAD SAADALLAH, SALAH ABDULGHANI ALABADY https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-29
publication date: 2025-09-29
starting page: 35
ending page: 51
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v6i3.237

COPPER AND SULFUR CO-DOPED ZNO NANOPARTICLES FOR EFFICIENT SOLAR PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF METHYL ORANGE
type: item
description: In the present study pure ZnO nanoparticles were prepared using a co-precipitation technique. As-prepared ZnO, was used to prepare Cu-doped ZnO, S-doped ZnO, and Cu & S co-doped ZnO nanostructures by simple hydrothermal method. The synthesized materials were characterized employing XRD, FTIR, and UV-visible spectroscopic techniques. The crystallite particle size of pure ZnO (45.7 nm), was highest among the synthesized powders followed by Cu-doped ZnO (43.29 nm), S-doped ZnO (43.4 nm), and Cu & S co-co-doped ZnO (43.19 nm). The UV-visible absorption spectra of aqueous dispersion of synthesized powders revealed that doping Cu and S in ZnO, both contributed synergistically to lowering of band gap energy from 3.27 eV to 2.35 eV. The photocatalytic efficacies of as-synthesized powders under solar irradiation were determined in terms of methyl orange degradation, as a probe. The observed highest photocatalytic degradation (85 %) of 25 mg L-1 dye in aqueous solution within 60 minutes using Cu & S co-doped ZnO load 1.5 gL-1 can be attributed to the lower rate of photo-generated charge carriers’ recombination as well as lowering of band gap energy enabling absorption of more photons in the visible range of solar radiation. Considering the high photocatalytic efficiency of newly synthesized Cu and S co-doped ZnO powder, the same may be recommended for an effective treatment of methyl orange-contaminated wastewater.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: coprecipitation
  topic: keywords
subject: degradation
  topic: keywords
subject: nanostructures
  topic: keywords
subject: photocatalytic
  topic: keywords
subject: efficiency
  topic: keywords
creator: MENBERU GIDEY
creator: TESFAY WELDERFAEL
creator: OM PRAKASH YADAV
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 MENBERU GIDEY, TESFAY WELDERFAEL, OM PRAKASH YADAV https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-29
publication date: 2025-09-29
starting page: 23
ending page: 34
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v6i3.236

FORECASTING INDUSTRIAL PH LEVELS: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SARIMA, REGRESSION TREES AND CONTROL CHART DIAGNOSTICS
type: item
description: Implementation of Statistical Process Control (SPC) techniques in food and beverage industry are crucial to deliver consumable product that meets customer expectations. This study investigated industrial pH forecasting and process stability in a syrup manufacturing facility. We analyzed 1,247 pH observations with three objectives: (1) Quantify instability via control charts, (2) Model pH dynamics using Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) and Classification And Regression Trees (CART), and (3) Develop diagnostic frameworks for unstable processes. Methodologically, Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) charts assessed stability; Box-Cox transformed SARIMA (λ=2) with seasonal differencing was used for forecasting; CART identified variable importance. Control charts revealed profound instability: 83.3% of points violated 3σ limits; run tests significant (p<0.001). For SARIMA, (1,0,1)(0,1,1)₁₂ achieved significant parameters (p<0.0001) with improved residual diagnostics versus non-seasonal ARIMA, though minor autocorrelation remained at lag 12 (p=0.003). CART explained training R²=18.86% and test R²=17.93% of pH variation, identifying filling weight and sodium benzoate as key predictors. Crucially, this study demonstrates that forecasting retains diagnostic utility even in unstable environments: SARIMA residuals provide seasonal fingerprints of assignable causes, while CART thresholds guide intervention priorities. SARIMA(1,0,1)(0,1,1)₁₂ demonstrated superior residual properties: eliminated back forecast warnings (present in ARIMA), reduced autocorrelation at lag 24 (p=0.017 vs 0.040), and explicitly modeled 12-period seasonality. While process instability persists, SARIMA provides diagnostic fingerprints of assignable causes through seasonal parameters (SMA₁₂=0.9846, T=513.12) and residual patterns. We conclude that SARIMA offers enhanced short-term forecasting capability, but process intervention remains essential for reliability. The stud…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: CART
  topic: keywords
subject: SARIMA
  topic: keywords
subject: statistical process control
  topic: keywords
subject: box-cox transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: EWMA
  topic: keywords
subject: run chart
  topic: keywords
creator: MOSTAFA ESSAM EISSA
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 MOSTAFA ESSAM EISSA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-29
publication date: 2025-09-29
starting page: 14
ending page: 22
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v6i3.235

ENHANCING CYBERSECURITY OF SMART CITY WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS USING BLOCKCHAIN AND PBFT CONSENSUS MECHANISM
type: item
description: This paper investigates cybersecurity attack models and defense strategies for water distribution systems (WDS) in smart city environments. As water infrastructure becomes increasingly digitized, it faces sophisticated cyber threats that could compromise system integrity and operational reliability. This study presents a systematic analysis of two prevalent attack vectors Denial of Service (DoS) and Man in the Middle (MITM) attacks and evaluates blockchain based defense mechanisms against these threats. Through experimental simulation using the C-town WDS model with 953 timestamp data points, we assess the vulnerability of water systems and the effectiveness of six consensus mechanisms: Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Trust (PoT), Proof of Authority (PoA), Proof of Vote (PoV), Proof of Authentication (PoAuth), and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT). The research quantifies attack impacts and demonstrates the superior resilience of PBFT, which achieved an 82.5% defense rate against DoS attacks and an 82.7% defense rate against MITM attacks, significantly outperforming alternative approaches. Furthermore, PBFT exhibited exceptional recovery capabilities with 71.1% recovery after DoS attacks and 89.3% recovery following MITM attacks. These findings provide valuable insights for implementing robust security frameworks that can maintain water system integrity even under sophisticated attack conditions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: blockchain security
  topic: keywords
subject: water distribution systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Byzantine fault tolerance
  topic: keywords
subject: cyber attacks
  topic: keywords
subject: smart cities
  topic: keywords
creator: AMINA ALAJWARY
creator: FIRAS ALSHARBATY
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 AMINA ALAJWARY, FIRAS ALSHARBATY https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-29
publication date: 2025-09-29
starting page: 66
ending page: 78
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v6i3.232

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY OF RURAL WASTEWATER-TREATMENT PLANTS VIA LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT WITH EMPHASIS ON CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS
type: item
description: Sustainability plays a pivotal role in environmental engineering and management. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) serves as a valuable methodology for evaluating the environmental footprint of products, services, or processes throughout their life cycles. LCA offers a quantitative approach and aids in identifying strategies that address environmental challenges rather than merely transferring them. It proves particularly relevant for assessing the sustainability and design of wastewater treatment systems. This study employs the LCA framework to compare various wastewater treatment options suitable for small, decentralized areas. Specifically, the focus lies on evaluating the constructed wetland (CW) within the wastewater treatment (WWT) system across its three main phases: construction, operation, and decommissioning. The investigation examines the impact on diverse environmental categories such as abiotic depletion, global warming, ozone layer depletion, human toxicity, freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity, marine aquatic ecotoxicity, terrestrial ecotoxicity, photochemical oxidation, acidification, and eutrophication, adhering to LCA standards. Findings reveal that natural wastewater treatment methods exhibit lower environmental footprints due to their reduced resource requirements. However, the construction phase of the CW emerges as the primary contributor to most impact categories, accounting for 89% of the overall impact. Notably, marine aquatic ecotoxicity ranks as the most significant impact category, while ozone layer depletion and photochemical oxidation potentials exhibit minimal values.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: wastewater
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: constructed wetland
  topic: keywords
subject: decommissioning
  topic: keywords
subject: green initiatives
  topic: keywords
creator: ABDUL WAHED AHMADI
creator: NILGUN BALKAYA
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 ABDUL WAHED AHMADI, NILGUN BALKAYA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 7
ending page: 20
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v6i4.229

ADVANCING QUANTUM DOT-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS: TRANSITION METAL-SULFIDE-BASED COUNTER ELECTRODES FOR HIGH-EFFICIENCY AND STABLE PHOTOVOLTAICS
type: item
description: Quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs) represent a leading-edge innovation within third-generation photovoltaic systems, owing to the unique light-harvesting capabilities of quantum dots (QDs), including multiple exciton generation, tunable band gaps, and high absorption coefficients. Despite their potential for achieving power conversion efficiencies (PCE) beyond those of conventional solar technologies, challenges remain; particularly in the stability and performance of counter electrodes (CEs). Platinum (Pt), while efficient, suffers from catalytic degradation in polysulfide electrolytes, limiting its suitability for QDSSC applications. This review explores the use of transition metal sulfides (TMS), such as NiS, CoS, Cu₂S, and PbS, as alternative CE materials due to their abundance, low cost, and promising electrocatalytic properties. Emphasis is placed on their compatibility with polysulfide electrolytes, structural stability, and ability to enhance interfacial charge transfer, which directly impacts overall device performance. The paper also discusses the synthesis techniques employed, chemical bath deposition and successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction, and how they influence the morphology, adhesion, and efficiency of the CEs. Among the materials reviewed, nickel sulfide-based electrodes stand out due to their low charge transfer resistance, high Jsc values, and excellent long-term operational stability. Composite materials such as NiS/PbS and Cu₂S/graphene hybrids show synergistic effects, enhancing both catalytic performance and mechanical durability. By identifying and evaluating viable alternatives to noble metals, this study underscores the critical role of CE materials in advancing QDSSC technology toward scalable, efficient, and cost-effective solar energy solutions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells (QDSSCs)
  topic: keywords
subject: Transition Metal Sulfides (TMS)
  topic: keywords
subject: counter electrode materials
  topic: keywords
subject: photovoltaic efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: polysulfide electrolyte compatibility
  topic: keywords
creator: LAYLA HAYTHOOR KHARBOOT
creator: KOLEOLA EBENEZER OJAOMO
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 LAYLA HAYTHOOR KHARBOOT, KOLEOLA EBENEZER OJAOMO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-27
publication date: 2025-06-27
starting page: 121
ending page: 133
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v6i2.224

MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF ANISOTROPIC FOLIATED ROCKS: IMPLICATIONS FOR TUNNEL STABILITY AND DESIGN
type: item
description: Understanding the mechanical behavior of anisotropic rocks is critical for the design and stability of underground structures, particularly in tunneling and deep excavation projects. This study investigates the effects of anisotropy on the strength, deformation, and failure mechanisms of foliated metamorphic rocks such as phyllite, schist, and gneiss using a combination of laboratory techniques, including triaxial compression tests, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) tests, point load tests, and petrographic analysis. The results reveal a strong dependency of rock strength on bedding orientation. At 0° and 90° to foliation, rocks exhibited higher compressive strength, whereas at intermediate angles (particularly β=30°–45°), strength significantly decreased and failure became more pronounced. Triaxial testing showed that the influence of confining pressure was more effective at lower bedding angles, diminishing at steeper ones, indicating dominant anisotropic behavior. Petrographic analysis confirmed that mineral composition, particularly the presence of mica, along with microcracks and voids, plays a substantial role in weakening rock structure at certain orientations. Point load tests supported UCS findings and offered a practical means of estimating strength anisotropy. Crack propagation patterns also varied with loading angles, with brittle failure dominating at higher angles and shear failure observed along foliation planes at lower angles. This study underscores the necessity of accounting for anisotropy in geomechanical modeling and engineering design to ensure the structural integrity of subsurface constructions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: rock anisotropy
  topic: keywords
subject: foliated metamorphic rocks
  topic: keywords
subject: triaxial compression test
  topic: keywords
subject: tunnel stability
  topic: keywords
creator: GAUTAM HARKHANI
creator: MANISH SHAH
creator: ALPA SHAH
creator: SHALINI SINGH
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 GAUTAM HARKHANI, MANISH SHAH, ALPA SHAH, SHALINI SINGH https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-27
publication date: 2025-06-27
starting page: 100
ending page: 109
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v6i2.225

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF GEOCELL REINFORCED PAVEMENT
type: item
description: Infrastructure has become a major force for national development. Therefore, the development of ground improvement technology for weak subgrade composition has become an important goal in geotechnical engineering applications. Geosynthetics is one of the ground improvement techniques to improve bearing capacity of problematic subgrade soil. Geocell, the cell matrix expands to create radial stress and provide stability to the subgrade composition soil. In the past few years, the use of geocells and other methods to improve the properties of problematic soil, especially in pavement and foundation engineering, has been investigated. This paper focuses on presenting parameters such as increased bearing capacity, decreased settlement and increased stiffness when reinforcing various types of collapsible soils by addressing laboratory tests and field investigations for geocell configuration and highlights their advantages in various applications and future research. Research shows that geocells can improve the properties of problematic subgrade soil, making it suitable for many engineering applications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: geocell
  topic: keywords
subject: dune sand
  topic: keywords
subject: pavement bearing capacity
  topic: keywords
subject: placement of geocell
  topic: keywords
creator: ANJALI GUNDALIYA
creator: ALPA SHAH
creator: MANISH SHAH
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 ANJALI GUNDALIYA, ALPA SHAH, MANISH SHAH https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-29
publication date: 2025-09-29
starting page: 52
ending page: 65
doi: 10.55197/qjoest.v6i3.221